Art of making paints.



'rmnmmr. BRADLEY, or clircneo, ILLINOIS, AssIGnon'ro BRADLEY a iinoojiian .00., or CHICAGO, rumors, A FIRM.

ART OF 'MAKIR'G PAINTS.

1,077,239. No Drawing.

To ,aZ Z whom it-ntayconcem I Be it known chat I, FRANKLIN F. BRAD- LEY, a citizen of the United States, residing impaired condition, and the predetermined accurate results as to color, etc, resulting from an .intemningling of such -constituents. Heretofore, in this art, it has been the practice and this practice is still common to formthe constituents of liquid paints in bulk within large-vats or tanks, and then (fol lowing what might be termed quite an experimental practice) assemble the approximate proportions of such constituents, still in large quantities or bulk, mix them togather, test and retest, and, by adding more of required ingredients, finally produce liquid paints of desired colors and characteristics which are thenpacked for the trade.

Making liquid paints by theuninterr-upted method referred to is objectionable in manyinstances in View of the fact that it contemplates storing the completed product in cans which may not be required bythe demands of trade for many months and even years, under which conditions at least a portion of the completed product materially deteriorates by reason of the reaction of the paint constituents upon each other.

In my Patent N 0. 1,032,652, issued July 16, 1912, I have set forth a method of compounding mixed paints consisting in producing se arate masses of different paint bases of de nite character capable of producing,

when tinted, =a substantially complete line of mixed liquid paints, producing separate masses of different tinting substances of definite character in mnnbcr relatively greater than the separate masses of difierent Specification of Letters Patent. .Application filed February 26,- 1913..

agents combined with Serial No, 750,809.

complete line, each being complemental in character to at least one ofthe paint bases, dividing the base ing masses into minor tinting bodies of defimte volume, normally storing and preserv ing in independent containers the-individual minor base bodies,-appropriately designating and indicating the inter-relation and the expected use with each other of the minor tinting and minor base bodies, and subsequently bringing together the desired minor tinting bodies with their complementa'l minor base bodiess'o that the resultant product in each instance will constitute a definite is it quantitygof paint material insuring mixture paint of desired definite col In the method of my aforesaid patent the paint bases are prepared at the factory and are shipped containers of suficicntly small sizeto adapt them to the business of retail store-keepers.

ratentedo ess,191s;

paint bases to accord with the shades of said I to their varying destinations i The paint-bases, iirthe' method of my said patent, 'contain the proper proportion of pigmentand liquids to render them capable of immediate use upon the addition oi -quit able 'tinters which donot materially modify the fluidity and other qualities that are requisite in paints ready for use. ihe

aim? materials employed in the rtwtice aim? earlier method and in hqu-i aint as l plied to the trade P to m l method, include liquid ingredients of ma:

terial Weight and material not. only required-no skill mixture with the other ingredients but which being standard commercial products capable of being purchased in every section of the country increased the cost to'the dealer or jobber owing to "shipment charges the manufacturer to the jobber, a material portion of which shipment charges could be from amon the they reachetlae jobber. A part of the jobbers capital is also tied upin the thinning the pigments, thereby adding to the cost to 81111161. Also the manurac'turefis ,rprofit is chargeable impart, to such liquid ingrcdi- -.ents and this portion of the manufacturers in their interthe dealer and "con- I saved Were such liquid ingredients omitted paint constituents until smasses into minor base bodies of definite volume, dividing the tintwhich do not require expert skill in order that they be properly introduced into paint, serve to thin the product to such an extent that it is liable to leak in transit, the loss,

when it occurs, varying from a negligible to the total quantity. Under these conditions as indicated above, the percentabe of loss by spoiling is greater than in my present method.

My present process is distinguished by several features set forth in detail below which includes among others, first,the preparation of a series of paint stocks in a condition which I have termed thickly flowing, and second, the use of a large proportion of inert thinner in such preparation. One object, among others, of these features, is the preparation and maintenance of such stocks under conditions which minimize the tendency of the ingredients to react with each other.

The thickly flowing condition previously alluded to, is very important in theeffective execution of my process. As is well known, certain substances, such as'the lead oxids when used as pigments, in connection with paint tiehiclesof the ordinarytype, linseed oil tor iinstance, have a tendency to thicken the oil. This goes on slowly, particularly in closed receptacles, at winter temperature,

but faster insummen. Its effects are not noticeable for the first few months after the paint has been mixed, but paint which has been made for a year or two and left to stand in a warm place, sometimes is quite unusable. One reason why this injurious react-ion goes on faster in warm places is that the paint vehicle when warm, is thinner,

and reactions of course take place with greater rapidity in thinner media. By having my paint thickly flowing, a viscous, colloidal condition seems to "be attained which retards to a noticeable cxtentthe-oly jections pointed out above. This condition I attribute in part to the colloidal condition which many solids assume when thoroughly and intimately mixed in fine condition with a suitable menstruum. Clay when properly mi and with water, is an exan'lplc. Furthermore, the pigments themselves sometimes seem to aggregate into nuclei when they are allowed to stand too long in paint completely il'llXlXl, and the paint becomes, as it were, granular, loses its smooth llowing condition, and to a great extent its covering power, and sometimes the color changes.

Pigments settle to the bottom of containers also, and form a more or less hard cake which has to be'broken up by a stirrer, or the paint has to be thrown away or sent back to the manufacturer to be rvground, and grinding paints is an expensive operation.

'These are cheaper than oil, go

As indicated above, another feature of my present process is the use in the preparation of my paint stocks to the thickly lowing consistency, of little oil and proportionately much thinner. For the thinner I selectsuitable liquids which. are chemically inert.

7 further toward etlecting the slowly flowing condition than an equal quantity of any of the oils or varnishes usually employed, and, as indicated above, have no etl'ect on the pigments.

Every properly compounded liquid paint for all ordinary purposes, contains a percentage of spirit, by which. is meant benzin, turpentine, or some similar liquid. In producing liquid paint by the interrnpted process under consideration, I use in the grindin as large a proportion as possible, of the spirit portion of the liquid that is to go into the completed liquid paint, because the spirits are more chemically inert than the oils or varnishes which constitute the remainder of the vehicle to be employed.

It is not usually feasible to use more than a portion of the spirit and it is not feasible to grind the pigment only in'spirit. There must be some oil or some varnish, but by keeping the percentage of varnish and oil down, and increasing the percentage or ticn of the paint which must spirit, that per I stay for the longest time in containers,

.namely, the slowly-flowing stocks, will be less affected by chemical change than where only oil 'cronly varnish or only a mixture of oil and varnish is to be used for the grinding liquid.

The linoleic acid in linseed oil, as well as other fatty acids have a strong tendency to combine with the lead and zinc oxids usually present, to make lead and zinc linol .atesor similar metallic soaps. This tendency I overcome to a large extent, in themanner I have indicated above, namely, by using a large percentage of spirit.

I have advanced certain theories in the foregoing which I have. not been able to rer and they may not be correct, hence l do not wish to be bound by them. Its a nnmui'acturcr of paints, however, know that practical difficulties of the nature indicated arise when fully mixed paints are allowed to stand too long, and I also know that by preparing my paints in an incompletely (incomplete as to the quantity and kind of vehicle) mixed condition, many of those objections are diminished or obviated altogether. I attribute this in part, to the thickly flowing condition in which they are primarily mixed and shipped and for a time maintained, and also to the fact that in the hands oi the jobber, these paints undergo a final thorough mixing whereby the particles of heavy pigment are again thoroughly mixed and distributed through the proper menstrua, and are then at once put into the each other by simply stlrrlng and also with smalier receptacles in which paint is usually sold, and are passed on'promptly (for the jobber usually only mixes for orders refceived and makes little attempt to-keep on have enough liquid with them to enable. them to mix easily and the liquid should be the same for each stock of the series, or v if not the same, each should be of such a kind as to be easilymiscible with any of or with all of the others.

My paint stocks may be regarded as a series of pigments ground and thoroughly wettedwith suitable oils and other vehicles,

' but too thick to .be usuable with a brush.

Dry pigments can only be mixed well by the use of proper machinery. The paint stocks which I prepare are easily miscible with the proper vehicles.

I intend my process primarily for oil I. paints, though, of course, it appliest-o others. 30.

In practising my present invention I produce the-necessary number of paint stocks which is required to make substantially complete lines of all ordinary liquid paints. These stocks are standardized so ithat they bear a fixed complemental relationship to each other enablingthem to be conjointly 1 used in unchanging proportions, where such' conjoint use is necessary, to produce de sired predetermined liquid paints. .There is employeddn such stocks .sufiicient'liquid to enable the stock slowly to flow byaction of gravity.

have been received by the jobber who completesthe process of manufacture by adding additional necessary liquid material to one or a combinationof two or more of the paint stocks, all in accordance with complete instructions and formulae furnished him by the manufacturer of the stocks. \Vhcn the jobber in this manner produces liquid paints he does so without expern'nentation, all experimental stages of operation having occurred at the factory where the stocks and the formulae were produced and where definite results were assured and positively predetermined without the exercise of skill or experimentation by the jobber.

In the preferred embodiment of my in-- vention I produce eleven paint stocks which are usable in connection with six different iquids obtainable from any market the purchaser may choose, for producing a line of liquid paints sufiicient-ly' complete ordinarily to satisfy the trade, these different paint stocks includin purpose abovestated. T stituted as follows:

The process of making the I liquid paints is interrupted until the stocks Stock white.

35 percent. 20 per cent. 15 per cent. 15 per cent. lOper cent. 5 per cent.

100 per cent.

zinc oxid lead carbonate lead sulfate linseed oil naphtha Japan drier Stock red.

15 per cent. ferric oxid 55 per cent. magnesium silicate 15 per cent. linseed oil 10 per cent.

100 per cent.

naphtha 5 per cent. Japan drier Stock green.

5 per cent. 10 per cent. 5 per cent. 5 per cent. 45 per cent.

lead sulfate lead chromate lead carbonate ferri-ferro' cyanid calcium carbonate 15 per cent. linseed oil 10 per cent. 5 per cent.

- 105 per cent.

naphtha I Japan drier Stock black.

10 per cent. 20 per cent.

carbon calc um carbonate 4-0 per cent. barium sulfate 15 per cent. linseed oil .10 per cent.

naphtha 5 per cent. Japan drier 100 per cent.

Stock o'cher.

15- per cent. ferric oxid 55 per cent.

silica 15 per cent. linseed oil I 10 per cent.

5 per cent. Japan drier naphtha 100 per cent.

Stools yellow.

5 per cent.

15 per cent. 25 per cent. 25 percent. 15 per cent.

5 10 per cent. 5 per cent.

- 100 per cent.

lead carbonate lead sulfate lead chromate barium sulfate linseed oil naphtha Japan drier g only suflicient liquid for the hese stocks are con- Stock bl/ue.

cent. ultramarine blue cent. calcium carbonate cent. linseed oil cent. naphtha cent. Japan drier 35 per 35 'per 15 per 10 per 5 per 100 per cent.

Stock bright red.

cent. organic coloring matter cent. calcium carbonate cent. linseed oil cent. naphtha cent. Japan drier 10'per 60 per 15per 10 per 5 per 100 per cent.

.Stochmalzogany.

cent. cent. cent. cent. cent.

organic coloring matter calcium carbonate barium sulfate naphtha varnish 10 per 30 per 30 per 10 per 20 per 100 per cent.

Stock enamel white.

cent. zinc oxid cent. calcium carbonate cent. varnish cent. naphtha per 20 per 15 per 15 per 100 per cent.

I Stock attends 1'.

(For extending and cheapcning other paints).

60 per cent. magnesium silicate 20 per cent. varnish 20 per cent. naphtha 100 per cent.

These formula: are good, but not imperative. The quantity of linseed oil may sometimes be reduced. The reduction would have to be carefully calculated in the eleven stocks, and corrcspoiuling change in the job- 50 hers prescripthms made.

An outfit shipped to a jobber by a manufacturer of paint stocks and suitable for an ordinary line of liquid paints includes barrels of stocks, each of approximately fifty gallons and individually containing -low, stock blue, stock bright red, stock 5 oughly to intermix the ingredients of the paint stocks before any portion of any of the stocks is removed before completing the interrupted manufacture of the liquid paints. Such an agitator package suitable for the present purpose and containing hand operated agitator mechanism is disclosed in patents to Stern, No. 857,683, June 25, 1907; Stoekman, No. 972,727, October 11, 1910, and Mitchell, No. 955,978, April 26, 1910. The jobber supplies faucets to the kegs and barrels near their bottoms.

To enable the jobber to complete the interrupted manufacture of the liquid paints begun by the manufacturer of the paint stocks the jobberis required to add additional necessary liquid material in accordance With the instructions and formulae furnished him by the manufacturer of the stocks. These tructions call for the use of the following liquids: raw linseed oil, turpentine, naphtha, durable mixing yarnish, White enamel Varnish, asphaltum varnish. These six liquids may be combined with the various paint stocks, either singly or in con'ibination so as to produce a large variety of liquid paints, the jobber being usually furnished with F ducing as many liquid paint-=1, the proportions given in the forn'mlai being by lJUlli. This number of liquid paints will be sufficient for all the ordinary c mmiereial shades of what is commonly; known as mixed paint (by which is meant liquid oil paints largely used for theexterior-painting of buildings, such as houses) floor paints (for use on interior floors) porch and step paints (forusc on exterior lloors);'euamrls (for interior woodwork, iron beds, etc); varnish stains (for coating of interior woodwork or any painted surface to give it the -iq pearauce of varnished expensive wood) barn paint which is similar to mixed paint, desm'ibed above, except that it is of cheaper quality) buggy paint (which is durable, hig'l'rgloss paint) wagon and implement paint (which is similar to buggy paint but of a cheaper quality) ;-sercen paint (which is a colored enamel of very thin consistency so that it will not clog the mesh of av wire screen when applied on it). I

Examples oli'tho 122 formula: are as follows:

HUI wanker; bra-7n viz/(red paint-5 gals. of stock white. 1 gal. of stock orher, et gal. of raw linseed oilf Pm green mamcl -l gal. of stock enamel white, 1 gal. of stock green, 2 gals. of white enamel varnish. v

Daria. gray mired 7)u'/'mi.-5 gals. ofstoek white, 1 gal. of stock black, 4- gals. of raw linseed oil.

To make dark gray barn paint add to ten gallons dark gray mixed paint the following: 4: gals. of stock extender, 4 gals. of raw linseed oil, 2 gals. of naphtha.

.ormuhe for protermined quantities described. by the formulae and are intermixed with the predetermined quantities described by the form'ulae of complementalfliquid or liquids. ,The result is a definite quantity and quality of desired definite-liquid paint having definite color and composition all as predetermined at the factory Where the paint stocks are made and as assured by, following the prescribed f Cmnulaa, "eachof which i fora distinct liquid paint; The jobber is notcall'ed upon to exercise any. skill, as the skill required in producing the liquid paint has been exercised in producing the paint stocks,

mercial commodities, readily obtainable upon the market. From the foregoing examples which have been furnished it will baseen that the liquids complemental to the paint stocks constitute large percentages of the liquid paints, whose manufacture is completed by the jobber, the absence of these complemental liquids in the material furnished by the manufacturer to the jobber giving rise to many -advantages.

In practice. of my invention all experimental stages of operation have been passed in the production of the paint stocks, predetermined accurate results and paints of predetermined characteristics assuredly following the commingling of paint stocks and their cqmplemental liquids effected by the jobbers pursuaht to the definite formulae furnished the j'obb'rs by the manufacturers of the paint stocks. That is, the resultant product in such case will'constitute a definite quantity of paint materials assuring by their mixture, paint of desired definite color and composition, the total desired re- I sultant products in all cases including definite quantities of paint material insuring complete lines of liquid paints of desired definite colors and composition for all or din'ar'y commercial purposes.

By means of the method herein disclosed the manufacture of a stock of finished 'and canned liquid aints may be completed by the job r and the liquid paints supplied by him to the dealer who The liquid paints bet may always be fresh when thus sup plied since the jobber need not complete the m'anufacture of the liquid paints until the order herefor is received, it being understood a't the jobber is supplied with cansb f the usual commercial sizes, gallons,

halrgauong; quarts, pints and half pints.

the liquids complementaltor the paint stocks being standardized coin to the 'cans'o'f d'fi'erent sizes are employed. "a i In the event of larger quantities of the final product being required the job'lie'r may employ mixing containers into which measured quantities of the ingredients are poured *andjafter the mixing has occurred the final product isdist'ribdtd among the canswhich may bear iabels which will name th product and, if desired, the ingredients thereof. The jobber thus becomes a liquid paint rhanufacturer who secures the desired results without himself employing skill such as used by liquid paint manufacturers priorto. my 'invehtion to secure equally good resuits. It is obvious that the space required 'by the jobber as a consequence of my invention is much less than that which was previously required 'to. Hold the completed paints received by the jobber from the manufacturer.

My invention is adapted best to serve t different sections of the country, some hav-' ing a very dry atmosphere, others very moist, others being mining and smelting districts' where gases are produced, etc-.3 and again liquid paints of certain character- 5'5 istics are best adapted to woods prevalent in certain sections. By means of my invention the original manufacturer is not required to supply the jobbers 'with the liquid paints which will meet the varying {0 -conditions in the diflerent sections of the country but is only required to supply the jobbers with the requisite paint stocks and the formulae for liquid paints.

In addition to the advantages which have been pointed out, the jobbers will save much in the Way of investment as they are obliged 'to carry only the paint stocks and possibly the varnish, the balance of the ingredients being obtained as required. v The jobbers are, by means of my invention, able to supply their trade-with any of the one hundred twenty-two different liquid paints 'by an investment of from five per cent. to ten per cent. of the investment required to supply such liquid paint in accordance with prior practice. i c

The method of my aforesaid atent is of particular service for enahlinf t e dealer to supp y ready mixed paints directly to the producing the suitable consumer. The system o-fmy present invention is of particular service to enable the jobbers to supply liquidpaints tothe dealers, though obviously the two inventions arenot to be thus restricted.

My method is a method which consists in producing a series of separate standardized paint stocks, (a) it may be, in a thickly flowing viscidcondition, (1) mixing or (5) thinning. These things have to be. I call this series of constant factors, A. I have also certain variants.

Having thus described my invention, I

containers; agitating said Wetting or grinding, (b) it may be, with oil to which oil (a) it may be, is added a thinner, (d) it may be, inert toward the pigments and it may be, (e) as inert as possible, (f) it may be, in large proportion, (g) it may be, in as large a proportion as possible, (2), a series of suitable pigments, (h) it maybe, storing said stocks each separately, then (3) according to formulae (1') it may be, predetermined, it may be, for color effects, (4) withdrawing and mixing (is) it may be, predetermined definite quantities of such, mixing and (5) thinning with (Z) it may be, a suitable thinner.

It \vill thus be seen that I have in my process the five constants 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and my elemental steps are (1) mixing or grinding, (2) suitable pigments and (3) according to formulae, (a) withdrawing and mixing definite quantities of such stocks and claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent the following:

1. In the compounding of a. line of liquid paints, the method consisting in producing paint stocks each standardized in strength and color, and of consistency materially greater than that of the liquid paints to be produced and which paint stocks bear a sub stantially fixed complemental relationship to each other, enabling them to be conjointly used in unchanging proportions in the production of liquid paints of predetermined character; placing these stocks in 'dill'erent stocks to render them uniform throughout.- l'heir masses; and adding together predetermined quantities of predetermined paint stocks, and predetermined quantities of predetermined paint liquid, to mcct the requirements of the liquid paints to be produced.

2. The method which consists in producing a series of separate standardized paint stocks in a thickly flowing or viscid condition, selecting and mining according to determined 'tormultc, quantities of said paint stocks to produce a desired color base and thinning by a suitable paint vehicle.

3. The method which consists in producing a series of separate standardized paint stocks to a. thickly {lowing viscid condition and storing them each separately, then, according to torniuhcv predclcrniined for color oll'ccls, withdrawing pri-dctcrmincd definite quantities oi such slot-ks selecting and mixing, and thinning with a suitable vehicle.

4. 'lhc method which consists in mixing or wetting each with oil and a thinner iucrt toward the pigment, to an extent which rcndcrs llu-m readily miscible with paint rchlclcs. a serum of plglncnl'ary bases, tomake a slamlardizcd series ot paint stocks, l

effecting mixture predetermined according to formulze, of such stocks, and etfecting usable consistency by the addition of suitable paint vehicle.

' 5. The method which consists in produclng a series of separate standardized paint stocks by grinding a series of suitable pigments in menstrua having a large proportion of suitable inert liquid therein, mixing according to predetermined formulae, quantities of said paint stocks, to produce a de sired color base, and thinning substantially as described.

6. The method which consists in producing a series of separate standardized paint stocks by grinding a series of suitable pigments in menstrua having as large a pro-- portion as practicable of suitable liquid inert toward said pigments therein, mixing according to predetermined formulze, quantities of said paint stocks to produce a desired color-base and thinning substantially as described.

,7. The method which consists in producing a series of separate standardized paint stocks by grinding a series of suitable pigmentary substances in mcnstrua having a large proportion of liquid inert toward the pigment, to a thickly flowing or viscous consistency, mixing according to predetermined formulae, quantities of said paint stocks to produce a desired color base and thinning substantially as described.

8. The method which consists in producing av series of separate standardized paint stocks by grinding a series of suitable pigmentary substances in menstrua having as large a proportion as possible of liquid inert toward the pigment, to a thickly fi0W- ing or viscous consistency, mixing'according to predetermined formulae, quantities of said paint stocks to produce a desired color base and thinning substantially as described.

9. The method which consists in producing a series of sepa ate standardized paint stocks by grinding a series of suitable pigmcntary substances in menstrua. having a large proportion of liquid inert toward the pigment, to a thickly lowing or viscous consistency, mixing according topredetermined formulrc, quantities of said paint stocks to produce a desired color base and thinning substantially as described.

10. The method which consists in producing a series of separate standardized paint stocks by grinding a series of suitable pigmcnt jy substances in menstrua having as largc a pri'iportion as possible of liquid incrttoward the pigment, to a thickly flowing or viscous consistency, mixing according to predetermined formulze, quantities of said paint stocks to produce a desired color base and thinning substantially as described.

11. The method which consists in producproduce a desired color base, and thinning substantially as described.

.12. The method which consists in ducing a series 9f separate standardized paint stocks by grmdm a series ofsuitable pigments in menstrua aving a large proportion of suitable-inert each separately, then, according to formulae predetermined for color efiects, withdrawing predetermined definite quantities of such stocks, thinning with a suitable v hi aid/Themethod which consists in producing a series of separate standardized paint stocks by grinding a series of suitable inert liquid; storing t .mined definite quantities of pigments in menstrua havin portion as possible of suita le inert liquid, storing them each separatel then, accord ingto formulae predetermined for color effects, withdrawi predetermined quantities of such stocks, mixing and-thinning with a suit-able vehicle; o 14. The method which consists, in producmg a series of stocks by grinding to a vthickly flowing vlscid condition a series of suitable i'gments 1n menstrua having a roporticn 0? suitable em each separately, 11, according to formulae predetermined for color efiects, withdrawing predetersuch stocks, mixing and thinning with a suitable vehicle.

as large a proments in menstrua having a large pro liquid, storing them 'or wetting,

separate standardized paint- 15. The method which consists in producing a series of separate standardized paint stocks by grinding to a thickly "flowing viscid jCQndlt-lOn, a 'series of suitable pigortion of suitable inert liquid, storing t ein each separately, then, according to formulae predetermined for color eflects, withdrawin g predetermined definite'quantities of such stock s, vehicle.

16. The method which consists in producing a series of separate standardized paint stocks by grinding to a thickly-flowing viscid condition, a series of suitable pigments in menstrua having as. v large a roportion as possible or suitable inert iquid, storing them each separately, then,

to formulae predetermined 'for accordi color e ects, withdrawing predetermined quantities'of such stocks, mixlng, and thin- Ding with a suitable vehicle.

1 The method which consists in mixing each with oil and a large propormixing and thinning with a suitabletion of suitable thinner inert toward the pigment, to an extent which renders them readily miscible with paint vehicles, a series of pigmentary bases, to make a standard- -ized.series of paint stocks, efiectin a mixture predetermined according to o '-0f such stocks, and thinning to usable consistency by addition of suitablepaint vehi-- rmulae,

cle

In testimony whereof I aiiix mysignature in presence of two witnesses.

' FRANKLIN F. BRADLEY.- Witnesses:

M. R0snN'rHAL,f I'IENRY G. HO'RLOCK. 

